Since the solvents that are frequently exposed in the industry are generally organic/petroleum-based, their use has been controlled because of deformations due to their toxic effects and exposure limits have been determined. It is mostly biotransformed after exposure and is excreted through urine. Metabolites obtained by bioconversion are often used as biomarkers for solvent exposure.

Benzene found in petroleum derivatives and cigarette smoke has been classified as a potential carcinogen type I by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The toxicological effect of benzene is non-lymphocytic leukemia, aplastic anemia, chromosomal aberration and progressive degeneration of the bone marrow. t, t-muconic acid and phenol are known as urinary risk biomarkers of benzene exposure. Toluene exposure in cigarette smoke and automobile exhaust affects appetite and nervous system, therefore, causing fatigue and weakness, while high levels can cause unconsciousness and even death. o-Cresol and hippuric acid are known as the most important toluene exposure biomarkers.